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Gleichen is the name of two groups of castles in Germany, thus named from their resemblance to each other (German: {{{1}}}).

Castles in Thuringia between Gotha and Erfurt

Wachsenburg

The first is a group of three (hence called “die drei Gleichen”), each situated on a hill in Thuringia between Gotha and Erfurt. One of these called Gleichen, the Wanderslebener Gleiche (1221 ft. above the sea), was besieged unsuccessfully by the emperor Henry IV in 1088. It was the seat of a line of counts, one of whom, Ernest III, a crusader, is the subject of a romantic legend. Having been captured, he was released from his imprisonment by a Turkish woman, who returned with him to Germany and became his wife, a papal dispensation allowing him to live with two wives at the same time (see Reineck, Die Sage von der Doppelehe eines Grafen von Gleichen, 1891). After belonging to the elector of Mainz the castle became the property of Prussia in 1803. The second castle is called Mühlburg (1309 ft. above the sea). This existed as early as 704 and was besieged by Henry IV in 1087. It came into the hands of Prussia in 1803. The third castle, Wachsenburg (1358 ft.), was still inhabited in 1911 and contained a collection of weapons and pictures belonging to its owner, the duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, whose family obtained possession of it in 1368. It was built about 935 (see Beyer, Die drei Gleichen, Erfurt, 1898).

Castles near Göttingen

The other group consists of two castles, Neuen-Gleichen and Alten-Gleichen. The former is in ruins, while the latter is barely discernable under the forest cover. They crown two hills south-east of Göttingen, over Bremke.

The name of Gleichen

The name of Gleichen is taken by the family descended from Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg through his marriage with Laura Wilhelmina Seymour, sister of the 5th Marquess of Hertford and daughter of Admiral Sir George Francis Seymour, a branch of the Hohenlohe family having at one time owned part of the county of Gleichen.

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Career (Italy)
Name:	Trieste
Builder:	Acciaierie Terni/Cantieri Riuniti dell’ Adriatico
Launched:	26 August 1953
Fate:	Sold to the United States Navy, 1958
Career (USA)
Name:	Trieste
Acquired:	1958
Decommissioned:	1966
Reclassified:	DSV-0, 1 June 1971
Fate:	Preserved as an exhibit in the U.S. Navy Museum
Badge:
General characteristics
Type:	Deep-submergence vehicle
Displacement:	50 long tons (51 t)
Length:	59 ft 6 in (18.1 m)
Beam:	11 ft 6 in (3.5 m)
Draft:	18 ft 6 in (5.6 m)
Complement:	2

The Trieste was a Swiss-designed deep-diving research bathyscaphe (”deep boat”) with a crew of two, which reached a record-breaking depth of about 10,900 metres (35,761 ft), in the deepest part of any ocean on Earth, the Challenger Deep in the Marianas Trench, in January 1960.

Design

The Trieste was designed by the Swiss scientist Auguste Piccard and built in Italy. Her pressure sphere, composed of two sections, was built by the company Acciaierie Terni, and the upper part was manufactured by the company Cantieri Riuniti dell’ Adriatico, in the free city of Trieste on the border between Italy and Yugoslavia; hence that name was chosen for the bathyscaphe. The installation of the pressure sphere was done in the Cantiere navale di Castellammare di Stabia, near Naples. The Trieste was launched on 26 August 1953 in the Mediterranean Sea near the Isle of Capri. The design was based on previous experience with the bathyscaphe FNRS-2, also designed by the Piccards. (It was built in Belgium and operated by the French Navy). After several years of operation in the Mediterranean Sea, the Trieste was purchased by the United States Navy in 1958 for $250,000.

The Trieste consisted of a float chamber filled with gasoline for buoyancy, with a separate pressure sphere. This configuration (dubbed a bathyscaphe by the Piccards), allowed for a free dive, rather than the previous bathysphere designs in which a sphere was lowered to depth and raised from a ship by cable.

At the time of Project Nekton, the Trieste was over 15 m (50 ft) long. The majority of this was a series of floats filled with 85,000 liters (22,500 gallons) of gasoline, and water ballast tanks were included at either end of the vessel, as well as releasable iron ballast in two conical hoppers along the bottom, fore and aft of the crew sphere. The crew occupied the 2.16 m (6.5 ft) pressure sphere, attached to the underside of the float and accessed from the deck of the vessel by a vertical shaft that penetrated the float and ran down to the sphere hatch.

In the Trieste the pressure sphere provided just enough room for two people. It provided completely independent life support, with a closed-circuit rebreather system similar to that used in modern spacecraft and spacesuits: oxygen was provided from pressure cylinders, and carbon dioxide was scrubbed from breathing air by being passed through canisters of soda-lime. Power was provided by batteries.

The Trieste was later fitted with a new pressure sphere, manufactured by the Krupp Steel Works of Essen, Germany, in three finely-machined sections (an equatorial ring and two caps). To withstand the high pressure of 1.25 metric tons per cm² (110 MPa) at the bottom of Challenger Deep, the sphere’s walls were 12.7 centimetres (5.0 in) thick (it was overdesigned to withstand considerably more than the rated pressure). The sphere weighed 13 metric tons in air and eight metric tons in water (giving it an average specific gravity of 13/(13-8) = 2.6 times that of sea water). The float was necessary because the sphere was dense: it was not possible to design a sphere large enough to hold a person which would withstand the necessary pressures, yet also have metal walls thin enough for the sphere to be neutrally-buoyant. Gasoline (petrol) was chosen as the float fluid because it is less dense than water, yet relatively incompressible even at extreme pressure, thus retaining its buoyant properties.

General arrangement drawing, showing the main features

Close-up of pressure sphere, with forward ballast silo at left

Observation of the sea outside the craft was conducted directly by eye, via a single highly-tapered cone-shaped block of acrylic glass (Plexiglas), the only transparent substance identified which would withstand the needed pressures, at the design hull thickness. Outside illumination for the craft was provided by quartz arc-light bulbs, which proved to be able to withstand the over-1000 atmosphere pressure without any modification.

Nine tons of magnetic iron pellets were taken on the craft as ballast, both to speed the descent and allow ascent, since the extreme water pressures would not have permitted compressed air ballast-expulsion tanks to be utilized at great depths. This additional weight was held actively in place at the throats of two hopper-like ballast silos by electromagnets, so that in case of an electrical failure the bathyscape would automatically rise to the surface.

Transported to the Naval Electronics Laboratory’s facility in San Diego, the Trieste was extensively modified by the Americans, and then used in a series of deep-submergence tests in the Pacific Ocean during the next few years, culminating in the dive to the bottom of the Challenger Deep in the Marianas Trench, the deepest part of the ocean, in January 1960.

The Mariana Trench dives

January 23, 1960: Trieste just before the record dive

Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard inside Trieste

Trieste departed San Diego on October 5, 1959 on the way to Guam by the freighter Santa Maria to participate in Project Nekton — a series of very deep dives in the Mariana Trench.

On January 23, 1960, Trieste reached the ocean floor in the Challenger Deep (the deepest southern part of the Mariana Trench), carrying Jacques Piccard (son of Auguste) and Lieutenant Don Walsh, USN. This was the first time a vessel, manned or unmanned, had reached the deepest point in the Earth’s oceans. The onboard systems indicated a depth of 11,521 metres (37,799 ft), although this was later revised to 10,916 metres (35,814 ft), and more accurate measurements made in 1995 have found the Challenger Deep to be slightly shallower, at 10,911 metres (35,797 ft).

The descent took 4 hours and 48 minutes before reaching the ocean floor. After passing 9,000 meters one of the outer Plexiglas window panes cracked, shaking the entire vessel. The two men spent barely twenty minutes at the ocean floor, eating chocolate bars to keep their strength. The temperature in the cabin was a mere 7°C (45°F) at the time. While on the bottom at maximum depth, Piccard and Walsh (unexpectedly) regained the ability to communicate with the surface ship, USS Wandank II (ATA-204), using a sonar/hydrophone voice communications system. At a speed of almost a mile per second (about five times the speed of sound in air), it took about 7 seconds for a voice message to travel from the craft to the surface ship, and another 7 seconds for answers to return.

While on the bottom, Piccard and Walsh observed small soles and flounders swimming away, proving that certain vertebrate life can withstand all existing extremes of pressure in earth’s oceans. They noted that the floor of the Challenger Deep consisted of “diatomaceous ooze”.

After leaving the bottom, they undertook their ascent, which required 3 hours, 15 minutes. Since then, no manned craft has ever returned to the Challenger Deep. A Japanese robotic craft Kaiko reached the bottom of the Challenger Deep in 1995. The Nereus hybrid remotely operated vehicle (HROV) reached the bottom on May 31 2009.

Other deep dives by Trieste

In April 1963, Trieste was modified and used in the Atlantic Ocean to search for the missing submarine USS Thresher (SSN-593). In August 1963, Trieste found the wreck off the coast of New England, 8,400 feet (2.56 km) below the surface. The bathyscaphe was then retired and dismantled. The Krupp pressure sphere is now on display at the Naval Historical Center, Washington D.C.

Her original Terni pressure sphere was incorporated into the Trieste II, which also conducted some dives to the Thresher site in 1964. The pressure sphere of the Trieste II was replaced in 1966 by a new sphere designed for work at 20,000 ft (6,100 m) depth.

See also

• Deep Submergence Vehicle
• Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle
• Trieste class
  • Bathyscaphe Trieste II
  • FNRS-2
• Alvin (DSV-2)
• Nereus

Notes

1. ^ To the Depths in Trieste, University of Delaware College of Marine Studies
2. ^ Seven Miles Down: The Story of The Bathyscaph Trieste., Rolex Deep Sea Special, Written January 2006.
3. ^ “Wanduck II ATA-204″. historycentral.com. http://www.historycentral.com/navy/Tug/Wanduck%20II.html. Retrieved on 2009-06-03. 
4. ^ “Robot sub reaches deepest ocean”. BBC News. 3 June 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8080324.stm. Retrieved on 2009-06-03. 
5. ^ Brand, V (1977). “Submersibles - Manned and Unmanned”. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal 7 (3). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6154. Retrieved on 2008-07-10. 

References

• Piccard, Jacques and Dietz, Robert S. (1961). Seven Miles Down; The Story of the Bathyscaph Trieste. G. T. Putnam’s Sons. 

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Porsche 901 was the name originally intended for the Porsche 911.

In previous models like the Porsche 356, Porsche had used many Volkswagen parts, and the VW part numbers. By the early 1960s Porsche project design numbers had reached into the 800s. For instance, Porsche’s 1962 F1 model was called Porsche 804.

But the new road car had fewer parts in common anymore with VW, Porsche wanted to start a new range of numbers. At the Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung (Frankfurt Motor Show) in Frankfurt in September 1963, Porsche presented the 901. Yet, French car maker Peugeot objected to Porsche using any three digit number where the middle number was 0, having already sold many models with that scheme, and owning the naming rights.

So, Porsche simply replaced the middle 0 with a 1, and called the new car Porsche 911 before the first cars were delivered.

Also, other Porsche models were affected, which were primarily intended for racing but also sold as road legal cars. Here Porsche kept the internal part number of 90x, but sold the car with a name, like

• Porsche 904 as Carrera GTS
• Porsche 906 as Carrera 6.

Porsche enthusiasts continue to refer to these cars by their three digit design numbers.

Later Porsche pure racing cars which were not sold for road use, so not competing with any road-going Peugeot, carried design numbers:

• Porsche 907
• Porsche 908
• Porsche 909

Nearly three decades later, a 905 was entered in the 1991 24 Hours of Le Mans, but not by Porsche (which then had won over a dozen times already), but by Peugeot: The Peugeot 905 won twice, in 1992 24 Hours of Le Mans and in 1993 24 Hours of Le Mans. A Peugeot 908 Diesel is announced for 2007.

Additionally, the 901 number is used among Porsche enthusiasts as shorthand to identify the aluminum 5-Speed transmission used in early 911s, the part number for these transmissions used an 11 digit code that began with 901 as did many other parts on the early cars. Later 911s from 1969 used a different magnesium case and a part number beginning with 911.

References

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Mach 6
Studio album by MC Solaar
Released	2003
Recorded	2003
Genre	Rap
Length	56:30
Label	Wea International Sentinel Quest
Professional reviews
Allmusic (no rating) link
MC Solaar chronology
Cinquième As (2001) Mach 6 (2003) Chapitre 7 (2007)

Mach 6 is the sixth studio album by MC Solaar. It was released in Europe in 2003 and in America on June 6, 2006 fitting with the number 6.

Track listing

1. Introspection – 1:05
2. La Vie est belle – 3:53
3. Hijo de Africa – 3:23
4. T’inquiète (intro) – 0:33
5. T’inquiète – 4:02
6. Guerilla – 3:48
7. Jumelles – 3:46
8. Jardin d’Éden – 2:47
9. Au Pays De Gandhi – 3:32
10. J’connais mon rôle – 3:22
11. Cash Money – 4:00
12. Today Is a Good Day (feat. Darina) – 3:13
13. Souvenir – 2:51
14. Sauvez le monde – 5:16
15. Bling Bling – 3:17
16. Ça me hante – 7:45

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This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from other articles related to it. (February 2009)

This article is written like an advertisement. Please help rewrite this article from a neutral point of view. For blatant advertising that would require a fundamental rewrite to become encyclopedic, use {{db-spam}} to mark for speedy deletion. (December 2007)

Tenerife Local Radio (FM) (TLR FM or TLRFM) is a radio station in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.

TLR sends non stop music to Tenerife, and also makes it available via the Internet.

History

• Sept 2005 - Test Broadcasts
• Nov 2005 - Full Time TLR 1 Starts broadcasting online
• Jan 2006 - TLR 2 (a back up station starts)
• Mar 2006 - www.tlrfm.net Launched
• July 2006 - Transmitter Site found
• August 2006 - On-the-air tests start (FM 89.2 MHz)

Type: Local

Coverage area: Tenerfife South/ Web

Studio e-mail: studio@tlrfm.net

Sources

• TLR home page

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Tony Tiller (born December 20, 1981 in Melbourne, Florida) is an American football cornerback for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League. He was signed by the BC Lions as a street free agent in 2005. He played college football at East Tennessee State.

Tiller has also played for the Calgary Stampeders, Hamilton Tiger-Cats and Georgia Force.

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Transversality in mathematics is a notion that describes how spaces can intersect; transversality can be seen as the “opposite” of tangency, and plays a role in general position. It formalizes the idea of a generic intersection in differential topology. It is defined by considering the linearizations of the intersecting spaces at the points of intersection.

Definition

Transverse curves on the surface of a sphere

Non-transverse curves on the surface of a sphere

Two submanifolds of a given finite dimensional smooth manifold are said to intersect transversally if at every point of intersection, their separate tangent spaces at that point together generate the tangent space of the ambient manifold at that point. Manifolds that do not intersect are vacuously transverse. If the manifolds are of complementary dimension (i.e., their dimensions add up to the dimension of the ambient space), the condition means that the tangent space to the ambient manifold is the direct sum of the two smaller tangent spaces. If an intersection is transverse, then the intersection will be a submanifold whose codimension is equal to the sums of the codimensions of the two manifolds. In the absence of the transversality condition the intersection may fail to be a submanifold, having some sort of singular point.

In particular, this means that transverse submanifolds of complementary dimension intersect in isolated points (i.e., a 0-manifold). If both submanifolds and the ambient manifold are oriented, their intersection is oriented. When the intersection is zero-dimensional, the orientation is simply a plus or minus for each point.

One notation for the transverse intersection of two submanifolds L₁ and L₂ of a given manifold M is . This notation can be read in two ways: either as “L₁ and L₂ intersect transversally” or as an alternative notation for the set-theoretic intersection L₁ ? L₂ of L₁ and L₂ when that intersection is transverse. In this notation, the definition of transversality reads

Transversality of maps

The notion of transversality of a pair of submanifolds is easily extended to transversality of a submanifold and a map to the ambient manifold, or to a pair of maps to the ambient manifold, by asking whether the pushforwards of the tangent spaces along the preimage of points of intersection of the images generate the entire tangent space of the ambient manifold. If the maps are embeddings, this is equivalent to transversality of submanifolds.

Meaning of transversality for different dimensions

Transversality depends on ambient space. The two curves shown are transversal when considered as embedded in the plane, but not if we consider them as embedded in a plane in three-dimensional space

Suppose we have transversal maps and where L₁,L₂ and M are manifolds with dimensions l₁,l₂ and m respectively.

The meaning of transversality differs a lot depending on the relative dimensions of M,L₁ and L₂. In particular the interpretation of transverse as an opposite of tangential only really makes sense when l₁ + l₂ = m.

We can consider three separate cases:

1. When l₁ + l₂ < m, it is impossible for the image of L₁ and L₂’s tangent spaces to span M’s tangent space at any point. Thus f₁ and f₂ cannot intersect.
2. When l₁ + l₂ = m, the image of L₁ and L₂’s tangent spaces must sum directly to M’s tangent space at any point of intersection.
3. When l₂ + l₂ > m this sum needn’t be direct. In fact it cannot be direct if f₁ and f₂ are immersions at their point of intersection, as happens in the case of embedded submanifolds.

Intersection product

Given any two smooth submanifolds, it is possible to perturb either of them by an arbitrarily small amount such that the resulting submanifold intersects transversally with the fixed submanifold. Such perturbations do not affect the homology class of the manifolds or of their intersections. Thus, if manifolds of complementary dimension intersect transversally, the signed sum of the number of their intersection points does not change even if we isotope the manifolds to another transverse intersection. (The intersection points can be counted modulo 2, ignoring the signs, to obtain a coarser invariant.) This generalizes to a bilinear intersection product on homology classes of any dimension, which is Poincaré dual to the cup product on cohomology. Like the cup product, the intersection product is graded-commutative.

Examples of transverse intersections

The simplest non-trivial example of transversality is of arcs in a surface. An intersection point between two arcs is transverse if and only if it is not a tangency, i.e., their tangent lines inside the tangent plane to the surface are distinct.

In a three-dimensional space, transverse curves do not intersect. Curves transverse to surfaces intersect in points, and surfaces transverse to each other intersect in curves. Curves that are tangent to a surface at a point (for instance, curves lying on a surface) do not intersect the surface transversally.

Applications

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Daddy Day Care
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Steve Carr
Produced by	John Davis Joe Roth Wyck Godfrey
Written by	Geoff Rodkey
Starring	Eddie Murphy Jeff Garlin Steve Zahn Regina King Anjelica Huston Lacey Chabert
Music by	David Newman
Cinematography	Steven Poster
Editing by	Christopher Greenbury
Distributed by	Columbia Pictures Revolution Studios
Release date(s)	May 9, 2003
Running time	92 min.
Country	United States
Language	English German Klingon
Budget	$60 million
Gross revenue	$164.4 million
Followed by	Daddy Day Camp

Daddy Day Care is a 2003 American comedy film, starring Eddie Murphy. It was written by Geoff Rodkey and was directed by Steve Carr. It was released in theaters on May 9, 2003. It was produced by Revolution Studios for Columbia Pictures.

Plot

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia’s quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. (March 2009)

Charlie Hinton is a busy working father and his wife Kim Hinton has just gone back to work as a lawyer. They enroll their son in the Chapman Academy, a very strict, military-like day care headed by Mrs. Harridan. Soon after, Charlie is laid off after the health division in his company is shut down. Desperate for money and no job offers on the horizon for six weeks, he opens up a day care center with the help of two friends, Phil and Marvin. As it became more popular, Chapman Academy became less populated, because Charlie’s center, Daddy Day Care, is much cheaper and more laid back. Mrs. Harridan attempts to shut down Daddy Day Care by notifying Child Services that Charlie and Phil are not following the child services codes. Mr. Cubitz, a child services director points out the codes that need to be fixed, which Charlie and Phil quickly correct.

Later, Mr. Cubitz tells them they have too many kids to hold their day care at the Charlie’s residence. They find a potential new location in an abandoned building, however they must raise the money to buy it. They hold a fund raising festival called “Rock for Daddy Day Care.” When Mrs. Harridan finds out about this, she and her assistant decide to wreck it by unplugging a bouncy castle, trapping the kids inside, putting cockroaches in all of the food, and releasing the animals from the petting zoo, causing them to eat the food. This causes Daddy Day Care to not raise anywhere near enough money to buy their new facility.

Charlie and one of his friends are offered a better job and they decide to take it. Mrs. Harridan offers to take all of Daddy Day Care’s kids. Charlie soon realizes that the job is not what he really wants to do. He goes to Chapman Academy and successfully convinces the children and their parents to come back, and Daddy Day Care becomes a raging success. This causes Chapman Academy to shut down, Mrs. Harridan to take a job as a crossing guard, and her former assistant to take a job at Daddy Day Care at their new facility.

Cast

• Eddie Murphy as Charlie Hinton
• Jeff Garlin as Phil
• Steve Zahn as Marvin
• Regina King as Kim Hinton
• Anjelica Huston as Ms. Gwyneth Harridan
• Lacey Chabert as Jenny
• Kevin Nealon as Bruce
• Jimmy Bennett as Flash/Tony
• Max Burkholder as Max
• Khamani Griffin as Ben Hinton
• Elle Fanning as Jamie
• Siobhan Fallon Hogan as Peggy
• Wallace Langham as Jim Fields
• Lisa Edelstein as Crispin’s Mother
• Jake Miller Smith as Devin Marcus

Reception

The film was generally disliked by critics, receiving a “Rotten” score of 25% on Rotten Tomatoes, and a 39/100 on Metacritic, indicating “generally negative reviews”, but due to its family-friendly image, it managed to gross over $164 million worldwide and profited from its considerable $60 million budget making the film a box-office success. However, its Murphy-less sequel did not perform as well at the box office.

Sequel

A sequel was released in 2007 titled Daddy Day Camp with Cuba Gooding, Jr. replacing Eddie Murphy’s role as Charlie Hinton. The sequel was panned by critics and is considered a major flop at the box office even though it tripled its budget (barely making over 18 million dollars). The only characters to return from the original movie were Charlie, Phil, Ben, Max, Kim and Becca.

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Juniperus gracilior
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Pinales Family: Cupressaceae Genus: Juniperus Species: J. gracilior
Binomial name
Juniperus gracilior Pilg.
Variety
J. g. var. ekmanii J. g. var. gracilior J. g. var. urbaniana

Juniperus gracilior is a species of conifer in the Cupressaceae family that is endemic to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. It is threatened by habitat loss.

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Patrick or Pat Taylor can refer to:

• Patrick Taylor (author), an Irish-Canadian author and doctor
• Patrick F. Taylor, founder of Taylor Energy
• Patrick Gordon Taylor, author and aviator
• Hoyt Patrick Taylor, former lieutenant governor of North Carolina
• Hoyt Patrick Taylor, Jr. (born 1924), North Carolina politician

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